HSC EV Chemistry 2nd Paper 1st Chapter Note

HSC EV Chemistry 2nd Paper 1st Chapter Note. Environment Chemistry. Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. It should not be confused with green chemistry, which seeks to reduce potential pollution at its source. It can be defined as the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in the air, soil, and water environments; and the effect of human activity and biological activity on these. Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as heavily relying on analytical chemistry and being related to environmental and other areas of science.

HSC EV Chemistry 2nd Paper 1st Chapter Note. Environment Chemistry

The classical procedure for the complete systematic analysis of an inorganic sample consists of several parts. First, a preliminary dry test may be performed, which may consist of heating the sample to detect the presence of such constituents as carbon (marked by the appearance of smoke or char) or water (marked by the appearance of moisture) or introducing the sample into a flame and noting the color produced. Certain elements may be identified by means of their characteristic flame colors. After preliminary tests have been performed, the sample is commonly dissolved in water for later determination of anionic constituents (i.e., negatively charged elements or groupings of elements) and cationic constituents (i.e., positively charged elements or groupings of elements).

The procedure followed is based on the principle of treating the solution with a succession of reagents so that each reagent separates a group of constituents. The groups are then treated successively with reagents that divide a large group into subgroups or separate the constituents singly. When a constituent has been separated it is further examined to confirm its presence and to establish the amount present (quantitative analysis). Portions of the material are dissolved separately, and different procedures are used for each to detect the cationic and anionic constituents

In many countries, laboratory work is subject to health and safety legislation. In some cases, laboratory activities can also present environmental health risks, for example, the accidental or deliberate discharge of toxic or infective material from the laboratory into the environment. All students must read and understand the information in this docomeent with regard to laboratory safety and emergency procedures prior to the first laboratory session. Your personal laboratory safety depends mostly on YOU. The effort has been made to address situations that may pose a hazard in the lab but the information and instructions provided cannot be considered all-inclusive.

Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical processes occurring in the environment which are impacted by humankind’s activities. These impacts may be felt on a local scale, through the presence of urban air pollutants or toxic substances arising from a chemical waste site, or on a global scale, through depletion of stratospheric ozone or global warming. The focus in our courses and research activities is upon developing a fundamental understanding of the nature of these chemical processes so that humankind’s activities can be accurately evaluated.

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English Version HSC Chemistry Note