HSC Islamic History and Culture 1st Paper 4th Chapter Note Umayyad Khilafat

HSC Islamic History and Culture 1st Paper 4th Chapter Note Umayyad Khilafat. The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلأُمَوِيَّة‎, trans. Al-Khilāfatu al-ʾUmawiyyah), also spelled Omayyad, was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: ٱلأُمَوِيُّون‎, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بَنُو أُمَيَّة, Banū ʾUmayya, “Sons of Umayya”), hailing from Mecca. A Umayyad clan member had previously come to power as the third Rashidun Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), but official Umayyad rule was established by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in AD 661. Syria remained the Umayyads’ main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital.

HSC Islamic History and Culture 1st Paper 4th Chapter Note Umayyad Khilafat

The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi) and 62 million people (29% of the world’s population), making it one of the largest empires in history in both area and proportion of the world’s population.

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