HSC B Organization & Management 2nd Paper Question 2018 Dhaka, Dinajpur, Sylhet Board

HSC B Organization & Management 2nd Paper Question 2018 Dhaka, Dinajpur, Sylhet Board. B Organization & Management Suggestion and Question Patterns of HSC Examination 2018. B Organization of all business and organizational activities is the Act of getting people together to achieve goals and objectives desired by using resources efficiently. Babshai Niti comprises planning, organizing, staffing personnel, attack or to direct and control an organization (a group of one or more natural or legal persons) or effort to achieve a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.

HSC B Organization & Management 2nd Paper Question 2018 Dhaka, Dinajpur, Sylhet Board

In another way of thinking, Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), allegedly defined management as “the art of getting things done through people”. She described management as a philosophy. [need quotation to verify]

Critics[which?], however, find this definition useful but far too narrow. The phrase “management is what managers do” occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management without circularity, the shifting nature of definitions[citation needed] and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or of a class.

One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to “business administration” and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More broadly, every organization must “manage” its work, people, processes, technology, etc. to maximize effectiveness.[citation needed] Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as “business schools”. Some such institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name, while others (such as the Yale School of Management) employ the broader term “management”.

English-speakers may also use the term “management” or “the management” as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation.[9] Historically this use of the term often contrasted with the term “labor” – referring to those being managed.

But in the present era[when?] the concept of management is identified[by whom?] in the wide areas[which?] and its frontiers have been pushed to a broader range.[citation needed] Apart from profitable organizations even non-profitable organizations (NGOs) apply management concepts. The concept and its uses are not constrained[by whom?. Management, on the whole, is the process of planning, organizing, coordinating, leading and controlling.

In profitable organizations, management’s primary function is the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing great employment opportunities for employees. In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management and governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers, but this is rare.

With the changing workplaces of industrial revolutions in the 18th and 19th centuries, military theory and practice contributed approaches to managing the newly-popular factories.

Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the industrial revolution, it made sense for most owners of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with growing size and complexity of organizations, a distinction between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties or groups of shareholders) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common.

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