Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)

Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)

Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)

Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)

Perpendicular axis theorem:

The moment of inertia of a plane lamina about an axis perpendicular to the plane is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia about two mutually perpendicular axis in the plane of the lamina such that the three mutually perpendicular axes have a common point of intersection.

Explanation: If Ix and Ibe the moments of inertia of a plane

lamina about perpendicular axes, OX and OY, which lie on theclip_image002

plane of the lamina and intersect each other at O, (Figure Right

hand side) the moment of inertia Iabout an axis, say OZ,

passing through O and perpendicular to the plane of the lamina,

is given by, Ix + Iy = Iz

Proof: Let us consider a plane lamina having axes OX and OY in the plane of the lamina. The axis OZ passes through O and perpendicular to the plane of the lamina. Let the lamina is composed of large number of particles of mass m. Let a particle of m be at P with co-ordinates (x,y) and located at a distance r from O. Here O is the intersection of the three axes.

Now the moment of inertia of the particle P about the axis

OZ = mr= m(x2+y2) [∵ r= x2+y2]

The moment of inertia of the whole lamina about the axis OX is given by,

Ix= Σ my2

Similarly, the moment of inertia of the whole lamina about the axis OY is given by,

Iy= Σ mx2

The moment of inertia of the whole lamina about OZ axis,

Iz= Σ mr2= Σm(x2+y2)

=Σmx2+Σmy2

= Ix + Iy

Iz = Ix+Iy   So, the theorem is Proved.

Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)

Parallel axis theorem:

The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia of the body about a parallel axis passing through the center of mass and the product of the mass of the body and the square of perpendicular distance between the two parallel axes.

Explanation: Let AB an axis on the plane of the paper and CDclip_image004

Is another axis parallel to AB. Let the axis CD pass through center of

mass G of the plane lamina (Fig: Right hand side). The distance between

AB and CD axis is h. Now if the moment of inertia of the lamina with

respect to AB and CD axis are respectively I and IG, then according to

this theorem

I=IG+Mh2

Proof: Let the lamina be composed of particles of mass m1, m2, m3 etc. and the respective distance from the axis CD are x1, x2, x3, etc. Then moment of inertia of the particle of mass mabout axis AB =m1(x1+h)= m1x12+m1h2+2m1x1h

Similarly, moment of inertia of the particle of mass mabout axis AB

= m2x22+m2h2+2m2x2h

And for m=m3x32+m3h2+2m3x3h

Now if I is the moment of inertia of the whole lamina about AB, then I will be the summation of the moment of inertia of individual particles i.e.

∴ I = m1x12+m1h2+2m1x1h + m2x22+m2h2+2m2x2h + m3x32+m3h2+2m3x3h + … … …

Σ mx2+h2Σm+2hΣmx

HereΣmx= total moment of the mass of the whole lamina about axis CD. But the weight of the lamina is acting downward along the line CD through the point G. So moment of the mass of the lamina about CD is zero.

i.e., Σmx = 0

Again, Σm = M and Σ mx2=IG

∴ I =IG+Mh2+0 = IG+Mh2

Hence the theorem is proved.

Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)

Determination of Moment of inertia and radius of gyration of a thin uniform rod about an axis through its center and perpendicular to its length:

Let AB be a thin uniform rod of length land mass M, free to rotate about the axis CD which is passing through the center and perpendicular to the length of the rod (In the figure below) The moment of inertia about the axis CD is to be found out.

Since the rod is uniform, the mass per unit length clip_image008

So at distance x from the axis CD, let dx be a small length whoseclip_image006

mass, clip_image010 As dxis very small, we can consider all

the particles in dx are at same distance from CD. So moment of inertia of dx about axis CD clip_image012

Now integrating the above equation within limits x = – l/2 to x = l/2 we get moment of inertia of the entire rod.

clip_image014clip_image016

clip_image018

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clip_image022clip_image024

clip_image026

Let K be the radius of gyration,

clip_image028

Determination of Moment of inertia and radius of gyration of a thin uniform rod about an axis through one end of the rod perpendicular to its length:

Let AB be a thin uniform rod of length land mass M, free to rotate about the axis CD which is passing through one end of the rod and perpendicular to the length AB of the rod (In the figure below) The moment of inertia about the axis CD is to be found out.

Since the rod is uniform, the mass per unit length clip_image008[1]

So at distance x from the axis CD, let dxbe a small length whose

clip_image030mass, clip_image010[1] As dx is very small, we can consider all

the particles in dx are at same distance from CD. So moment

of inertia of dx about axis CD clip_image012[1]

Now integrating the above equation within limits x = 0 to x = l we get moment of inertia of the entire rod.

clip_image032

clip_image033clip_image035

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Let K be the radius of gyration,

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Determination of Moment of inertia and radius of gyration of a circular disk about an axis perpendicular to its plane passing through the center:

Let ABC be a circular disc and let r and Mare respectively its radius and mass. Let O be the center of the disc and PQ its axis about which the disc rotates. The moment of inertia and radius of gyration for circular disc are to be determined.

Now, area of the disc, A = π r2

∴ Mass per unit area of the disc, clip_image049

Now, let us consider a small circular strip of width dx at a distanceclip_image047

from the center of the disc. (Fig right hand side)

The area of the strip,

dAcircomeference of the strip × width of the strip

=2πxdx

If dm is the mass of the strip, then

clip_image051

clip_image053

Now the moment of inertia of this strip about the axis PQ,

clip_image055

clip_image057

If we consider that the whole disc is composed of such like strips, then the moment for the whole disc can be obtained by integrating the above equation for the limits x = 0 to x = r.

So moment of inertia,

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clip_image063

clip_image065

clip_image067

clip_image069

Let K be the radius of gyration,

clip_image071

Determination of Moment of inertia and radius of gyration of a rectangular lamina about an axis perpendicular to its center of mass:

Let, ABCD be a rectangular lamina of mass M and length, = AB = CD and breadth, b = AD = BC (Fig right hand side). Let the axis of rotation XOY passclip_image073

through the center and perpendicular to the lamina. Moment of inertia

and radius of gyration are to be determined.

Now, the axis EF passing through O is parallel to side AB and

axis GH passing through O is parallel to side AD. EF and GH are

perpendicular to each other. XOY axis is perpendicular to both EF

and GH.

According to perpendicular axis theorem, the moment of inertia of a lamina about the axis XOY,

clip_image075

clip_image077

Again, radius of gyration K is related to I as

MK2=I

clip_image079

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clip_image083

Expression for centripetal acceleration and centripetal force:

Let us consider an object of mass m is moving along a circular path of radius r, in anticlockwise direction with a uniform speed v, and an angular velocity clip_image087 with at center O. When the body is come from A to B in small time variation t. The velocity at A is the Tangent along AC.

Now, in rectangular OAEB, we get

∠AEB+∠AOB =180°

Again, ∠AEB+∠BEC = 180°

Spouse, ∠AOB = ∠BEC = θclip_image085

The horizontal component of velocity at A, v= 0

and the vertical component, v= v

The vertical component of velocity along AC, v= vsinθ

and the horizontal component, v= vcosθ

when tis very small then θ is also very small

 sin θ = θ, and cos θ = 1

 the vertical component of velocity at B, v= vθ

and the horizontal component, v= v

It appears that, there is no change of velocity along horizontally,

So, centripetal acceleration,

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clip_image093 clip_image095

clip_image097 clip_image099

clip_image101

and Centripetal Force = clip_image103

Motion of a cyclist along a curved path:

clip_image105A cyclist travelling along a curved path bends his body with the cycle

Towards center of curvature. Without centripetal force the force acting

On the cyclist would have thrown him out of the road. To balance this

tendency of skidding the cyclist along with the cycle bends his body

towards the center. This is haw centripetal force is produced.

Let a cyclist moving at uniform speed von the circular path of radius

rbends away from the normal by an angle θ.

Let the weight of the cyclist along with the cycle be mg and the

Reaction force by the road on the cycle be R. R can be resolved in to two

rectangular component Rcosθ vertical to the ground and Rsinθ towards

the center of the circular path (Fig. Right hand side). The component Rcosθ

balances the weight mg and component Rsinθ provides the necessary centripetal force for the cyclist to move on the circular path. Now

clip_image107 and clip_image109

So, clip_image111

clip_image113

clip_image115

So from above equation we conclude,

If the cyclist wands to turn the banking at higher speed speed he must bend more from the normal.

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Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)

Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)

Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)

Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)

Laws Of Rotational Motion (Part-2)